Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made molecules designed to target specific proteins or cells in the body. They are identical copies of a single type of antibody, produced by cloning a unique immune cell.

Uses and Applications:

1. Medical Treatments:
   • Cancer: Target cancer cells or associated markers (e.g., trastuzumab for breast cancer).
   • Autoimmune Diseases: Modulate immune responses in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis (e.g., adalimumab).
   • Infectious Diseases: Treat or prevent diseases by targeting pathogens (e.g., monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19).
2. Diagnostic Tools: Monoclonal Antibody
   • Testing and Imaging: Used in assays and imaging to detect specific proteins or pathogens.

Advantages:

• Specificity: Target specific cells or proteins, reducing damage to healthy tissues.
• Consistency: Uniformity in the antibody produced ensures consistent therapeutic effects.

Production: Monoclonal Antibody

Monoclonal antibodies are created using recombinant DNA technology and cell culture techniques, involving:

1. Immunization: Animal cells are exposed to a target antigen.
2. Cell Fusion: Combining antibody-producing cells with cancer cells to create hybridomas.
3. Screening and Cloning: Selecting and cloning cells that produce the desired antibody.

Considerations:

• Side Effects: Potential for allergic reactions or immune responses.
• Cost: Often expensive due to complex production and development processes. Monoclonal Antibody

Monoclonal antibodies represent a powerful tool in modern medicine, offering targeted therapies for a variety of conditions.